Saddam Hussein s Full Takeover Of Iraq - 1250 Words

This would set the stage for Saddam Hussein’s full takeover of Iraq, making way for further deterioration of Iraq-Iran relations. Iraq would arrest several Iranian representatives and place Ayatollah Mohammed Bakr al-Sadr on trial for treason as a response to Ayatollah Khomeini and Prime Minister Barzagan’s continued support of the Shi’a opposition to Saddam Hussein’s Ba’athist regime. Furthered broadcasting of rebellion to the Shi’a Muslims in Iraq and the assignation of the Iraqi Prime Minister led to Iraq’s execution of Ayatollah Bakr as-Sadr. This would lead to the first official military action, Iran’s attacks within the Kermanshah province in September 1980. With this attack Iraq’s response once again circles back to the Shatt al-Arab waterway, as they order Iran to respect the pre-1975 treaty, withdraw from the province, end all support for all opposition to the Ba’athist regime and ender violence at the bor der. On September 22, 1980, Saddam commenced an invasion of Iran, utilizing the violation of the 1975 Algiers agreement as an argument for action. Saddam would begin bombing Iranian air bases in an attempt to destroy their superior air force while still grounded. While runways and fuel depots were damaged, most aircrafts were left untouched and they were launched within hours, targeting major Iraqi cities and other important targets. Iraq would launch their mechanized infantry into Iran border towns, overwhelming them, and allowing Iraq to occupy land within theShow MoreRelatedIran Essay2870 Words   |  12 PagesThe United States and Iran (then Persia) relations began in the late 1800’s. King Nasser-al-Din Shah sent an ambassador to Washington D.C. although Americans had been traveling to Iran since the mid 1800’s (1,1). From the late 1800’s till World War II, relations were very friendly and many of the representatives for Iran saw the United States as a â₠¬Å"third force† in there drive to break free from the British and Russian dominance in Persian affairs (1,1). The United States relations with Iran led wasRead MoreA Protracted Struggle Ahead For Iraq2480 Words   |  10 Pages In my current event article, Carter, Tawfeeq and Alkhshali show dissenting views between Iran s Leader Khamenei, and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry on the conflict in Iraq, where Khamenei blames the conflict on extremist and remnants of Husseins military and Kerry blames Iraq’s sectarian rule. Through academic journals and news articles I will show the sectarian policies enforced by Maliki s rule caused political instability and military and governmental weakness that generated the extremistRead MoreThe Results of World War 13349 Words   |  14 Pagespeople were killed and as many wounded. Some 8-10 lakh people were reported missing. In most countries, after this Great War, monarchy came to an end. Democratic Governments were established in these countries. The authorities recognized the people s rights. Lot money was spent in this war. After the Great War, the prices of articles went up. Starvation stalked the world. The government restricted the price of the commodities. Huge taxes were imposed on people. Many mills and factories were establishedRead MoreIssues in Auditing and Professional Practice5740 Words   |  23 Pagescase relating to the culture in which management operated, and the importance of risk management and internal controls. The timeline shown in Appendix 1 lists the chronology of events concerning and surrounding the AWB since the first Gulf war in Iraq in 1990 through to its exposure in 2006. This provides the key background details about the case. The consequences of the AWB fraud have been vast. According to Commissioner Terence Cole who headed the inquiry to determine if the â€Å"AWB or its officersRead MoreSocial Power of the News Media12127 Words   |  49 Pagesinfluences evaluation. Acceptance of a war against Iraq, as well as of the Cold War against the 16 Political Communication in Action Communists before that, crucially depends on their legitimacy and justification, which in turn depends on the ways the enemy and its actions are portrayed in the news, which explains the pervasive and unambiguous images of Evil Empires, terrorists, dictators, naked aggression, and other forms of perceived threat to one s safety and legitimate interests. There are manyRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesever contesting for inclusion. Examples of good and bad handling of problems and opportunities are forever emerging. But sometimes we bring back an oldie, and with updating, gain a new perspective. For new users, I hope the book will meet your full expectations and be an effective instructional tool. Although case books abound, you and your students may find this somewhat unique and very readable, a book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead

Factors Influencing Online Shopping Behavior - 10058 Words

Factors considered by online consumers in making purchase decision on clothing Abstract This current study aims to provide a more holistic view of the factors that influence online shopping behavior in the clothing industry, by comparing the important criteria for purchase decisions between online shoppers and traditional shoppers. The factors that were examined include (1) Product variables: price, usefulness, quality and available information; (2) Seller attributes: trustworthiness, reputation and marketing strategies; (3) shopping experience: convenience, quality of service, design and ease of use; and (4) consumer factors: gender, socioeconomic status and attitude towards online shopping. A quantitative survey was conducted wherein 206 consumers have completed the questionnaire through convenience sampling. The results of the study showed that male online shoppers for clothes are significantly more than females, most of whom still prefer traditional shopping. Traditional and online shoppers have been seen to differ in the importance they give to product price, sell er credibility and marketing strategies, and purchase experience in terms of convenience, quality of service and ease of transaction, wherein online shoppers put more value on these factors in making their purchase decisions. In accordance to the technology acceptance model, the participants who have more positive attitudes towards online shopping are more likely to actually purchase their clothesShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On The Field Of Online Shopping1187 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes reading research papers to get a clearer image of recent advancements in the field of Online shopping . In-fact we believe research is the most essential phase of our project because this is the first time we are working on this particular type of project and it’s a challenge for us. So, to make ourselves feel comfortable with this project it was quite necessary for us to understand Online shopping its various application and the ongoing researches in this field. Literature review is an essentialRead MoreOnline Shopping Conduct And Internet Shopping Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Online shopping is almost to synonymous to customary shopping through brick and mortar stores. As indicated by UCLA Center for Communication Policy, online shopping has been rising as a standout among the most famous web exercises, marginally behind e-mailing and internet surfing and in addition surpasses online entertainment search and online news. Online shopping conduct (additionally called web purchasing conduct and Internet shopping/purchasing conduct) implies to the procedure ofRead MoreOnline Shopping Behavior Of People1199 Words   |  5 Pages Online Shopping Behavior of People in Coimbatore City Dr.(Mrs.) Padmasini, Assistant professor, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Miss. T.JeevaRekha, M.Phil. Research Scholar, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Abstract: Online shopping is the new trend in retail markets. It has now been adopted all over the world including India. Though online shopping method is not popular in many countries, the trade through online shopping in India is increasingRead MoreFactors Affecting Online Shopping1438 Words   |  6 PagesFactors Affecting Customers’ Satisfaction in the Environment of Online Shopping 1. Abstract Online shopping is a process of buying and selling of products and services through the Internet. Online shopping has become the fastest-growing industry and Internet users have reported that online shopping is one of their primary uses of Internet. With the help of online shopping, the consumers can purchase clothing, shoes, books, airline and events tickets, foods, computers hardware and so on. In theRead MoreFactors Affecting The Indian Online Retail Market1201 Words   |  5 PagesOnline retail market in India: Recent changes in the Retail environment in India have pave way for major changes in the infrastructure, technology, regulation, shift in demographic patterns and changes in consumer preferences Broadbridge and Srivastava (2008). The main reasons for the transformation of retail market in India are factors such as rising disposable income, socio-economic growth, urbanization, demographic transitions, increasing middle income group and high demand. Broadbridge and SrivastavaRead MoreThe Impact Of Consumer Behavior On Online And Virtual Shopping Environment1860 Words   |  8 PagesAssessing the Impact of Consumer Behavior in Online and Virtual Shopping Environment Introduction Consumer behavior plays an important role in developing marketing strategies for a marketer with an objective to deliver marketing goals in a given span of time, which could be possible by understanding the psychology of consumer from his/her buying behaviors that could be influenced by an environment and other factors in which an individual live-in. The decision to which consumer concludes while makingRead MoreOnline Purchase Behavior Of Consumers1524 Words   |  7 Pagesethical issues have been discussed. The study aimed to understand the online purchase behavior of consumers in India. The factors leading to an increase in online shopping, current trends in the online retail market and to identify the demographic factors which influence the online purchase. The literature review highlighted and identified important factors which influence behavior and attitude of online consumers. These factors were considered and implemented while designing the questionnaire. MethodologyRead MoreReliance Fresh Project Reports1678 Words   |  7 PagesIndian retail giants like Wal-Mart, Metro, Reliance, Birla, Tata etc. made Indian market more competitive which is at cut throat level. So how retailers can reach to their end customers, to win the mind share and increase the basket size of each shopping trip.(Jhamb amp; Khiran, 2012) It is expected that by 2016 modern retail industry in India will be worth US$ 175- 200 billion. India retail industry is one of the fastest growing industries with revenue expected in 2007 to amount US$ 320 billionRead MoreOnline Shopping Research1286 Words   |  6 PagesON BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF ONLINE SHOPPERS SUBMITTED BY DEEPAK KUMAR SUBUDHI MBA SECTION-D 1225112407 INDEX Abstract Introduction Review of the literature Need of the study Objective of study Methodology Tools Findings Conclusion References Appendix Abstract: Online shopping is a developing industry. the value of sales through online is increasing day by day .If you observe the trend from the last 5years sales of online shopping increase from 10-25 percentRead MoreThe Electronic Commerce And The Internet818 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation through Internet. The Internet has created a new market for both customers and business firms, the firms has ability to target mass customers through the online market. Even though the current economic crisis caused by the consumption downturn, the volume of ectronic commerce is expanding rapidly. The volume of Internet shopping grew to the value of $348.6 billion in 2009 worldwide. It is anticipated to reach $778.6 billion, increasing by nearly 125%, in 2014 and hit $1 trillion by 2020 (Datamonitor

Mobile Computing Free Essays

Mobile Computing is agenericterm describing your ability to use technology ‘untethered’, that is not physically connected, or in remote or mobile (non static) environments. Our Mobile System Architecture supports applications by a middleware stub. Based on these architecture prototypes for Mobile Database Access (MODBC), Mobile Information Access (MWWW) and Mobile File Access (MLDAP) have been built to demonstrate the usability of the proposed approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research addresses topics like Application Stability in mobile environments, Multimedia, Quality of Service, Bandwidth and cost awareness, application transparency and Security.Introduction: Mobile Computing is agenericterm describing your ability to use technology ‘untethered’, that is not physically connected, or in remote or mobile (non static) environments. The term is evolved in modern usage such that it requires that the mobile computing activity be connected wirelessly to and through the internet or to and through a private network. This connection ties the mobile device to centrally s through the use of battery powered, portable, and wireless computing and communication devices.This includes devices like laptops with wireless LAN or wireless WAN technology, smart mobile phones, wearable computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with Bluetooth or IRDA interfaces. Many types of mobile computers have been introduced since the 1990s, including the: * Laptop computer * Subnotebook * Personal digital assistant (PDA) * Portable data terminal (PDT) * Mobile data terminal (MDT) * Tablet personal computer * Smart phone * UMPC What is mobile computer? * A computer which you can take with you all around. You can do all the things which can be done with a desktop computer. * You should be able to use same software, which you use on a desktop computer. Mobile computer – How? * One possibility is to have a standalone computer capable of storing large amount of software and data files, processing power to support the required applications. * Modern day laptop computer are something like this. * Whenever you are static, connect to internet through an access point and you can do the file transfer, telnet, web browsing etc. While on the move, connectivity is desired for using software which requires cooperation of at least two machines. History of mobile devices: Originally, electronic devices such as radio transmitters, wireless communications systems, and the like, were base stations, operated at fixed locations, typically with large antenna towers. Widespread use of automobiles gave rise to smaller devices operating at 6 volts. In the 1950s, the transition to 12 volt automotive electrical systems gave rise to a large number of 12 volt devices, such as two-way radios, referred to as mobile rigs.A large industry, with companies such as Motorola sprung up to support the growing need for mobile devices, such as taxicab radios, police radios, and other 12 volt under dash equipment, as well as trunk mount systems. Today there are a wide variety of mobile computing platforms, including dash-mount VGA displays, and computers that can provide GPS and other navigation functions for automobile users. Architecture: Addressing the above mentioned tasks we propose a mobility supporting architecture.This architecture consists of a Mobility Service Architecture, describing the way we implement our mobility services in a computer system, and a Mobility Environment Architecture describing how data are transmitted between computers in mobile environments and what tasks the different stations fulfill in our architecture Mobility Services Architecture: Mobility services can be classified into three groups. First there are services designed to overcome common restrictions of mobile computing, which arise mainly from the slowness, insecurity and instability of wireless or analogous connection lines utilized by the mobile user.These services are called common mobility services (CMS). Examples are connection management, caching or encryption services. The second group of services handles the management and administration of mobile users moving around and connecting their portables to networks at different places. These mobility management services (MMS) include tasks such as the authentication of users, accounting and billing issues or profiling of the users’ habits.The tasks necessary to adapt certain existing applications to mobile usage are implemented by high level services, which are called special mobility services (SMS). Special mobility services adapt existing services to the mobile conditions. For example to allow remote database access over a wireless connection line one has to take special care of possible frequent connection losses especially in the context of the state of the database. Viewing services as distinct building blocks, we are able to sketch an architecture for a â€Å"mobility services enhanced system†.Mobility Environment Architecture: To overcome restrictions in mobile computing the above architecture was designed; the architecture consists of the following parts: The network environment consists of mobile hosts fixed hosts and certain access points. The fixed hosts are all connected to a backbone (i. e. the Internet). Mobile hosts usually don’t contact them directly, but use physically closer located hosts as access points to the backbone for means of minimizing the distance which has to be bridged by a mobile connection line. In addition to the users carrying a portable computer with them, also mobile users travelling between fixed hosts are considered in our system. MWWW: Using HTTP with wireless communication over slow and expensive lines produces long times of opened connection, unnecessary connection establishments and therefore high costs. Mobile-WWW introduces an extension for HTTP which uses an intelligent compression and administration mechanism to save connection time and money.Mobile-WWW consists of a special Web-client which requests a quality of service for the content; this QoS is defined according to the users preferences, the available bandwidth and the cost of transmission. The server compresses the data in accordance to the values of the quality of service. Because the server knows the type of the data that has to be compressed the optimal compression factor and method could be chosen. For text and hyper text compression we are using a Huffman code with dictionaries installed on every par ticipating system. For graphic, video and sound we are using standard compression tools with lossless or lossy compression according to the values of the requested quality of service. MLDAP: Ever since, because of its versatility the file system has been the favorite data storage for computer system users. Therefore optimizing file access from mobile systems is most important for certain applications. The MLDAP – Mobile file access using LDAP – system provides file access from mobile devices without bothering applications or users with the specific effects of their mobility.A consistent view of all files is generated even if the files are spread over different locations in heterogeneous environments. Files could be stored on both mobile and stationary systems, using different operating systems and eventually even replicating files within the global file system. The consistent view on this situation is achieved by exploiting the special properties of mobile systems and by falling back upon existing knowledge about distributed file systems such as Coda and Focus. Mobile devices – namely PDAs like Apple Newton, Psion and Windows systems – are mainly characterized by their small size and their usually weak computing power if compared to stationary computer systems. These restrictions (among others, e. g. weak displays etc. ) lead to a number of classes of applications, which are especially well suited for being used with PDAs. Among the typical applications used with PDAs in every-day scenarios are â€Å"Notepad†, â€Å"Address Book†, â€Å"Calendar†, â€Å"Communication† (by email), and â€Å"Information Retrieval† (by the means of the WWW).These applications can be found on almost every PDA by default. The data are stored in files with well known file semantic, which is vital for the implementation of Rich File Access and automatic conflict resolution as used by MLDAP. MLDAP is open and useful to any class of application, which is achieved mostly by the consistent view of the file system without regard to the actual location of the different files. When working with mobile applications, users typically do not need all data but merely the part of it, which is relevant to the tasks performed by the user.For example, imagine the application â€Å"Calendar†. Usually, not the whole calendar but only the actual and future appointments are required by the user. The data of the typical applications mentioned above can easily be split into logical parts, e. g. one day out of a one-year calendarium. Furthermore; it is quite easy to generate a summary of the data (e. g. the table of content of a lengthy text). Challenges of Mobile Computing: Mobility: * Address Migration * Current wired networks – not designed for dynamically Changing addresses. Each host name is bound to a network address (in TCP/IP world DNS server does this binding) * Moving to new location means acquiring new network address the binding need to be modified. * The binding info cannot be cached with long expiration time in the network. * The address of mobile host is changing much faster due to mobility. * To communicate with mobile host – message should be sent to its most recent address. * For all active connections, mobile host should keep on informing about change in address to all the hosts at other ends. How to cite Mobile Computing, Papers

Poetry Test Essay Example For Students

Poetry Test Essay Laurence Poetry Unit Test Review Mrs.. Art is going to attempt to determine how well we know the poetry terms by applying them. She is going to give us examples, rather than just have us write the definition. The questions asked first are the easiest and they gradually get harder ALWAYS CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER Of the directions say BEST than there ;s normally two right answers, but you should always choose the best) Types of questions: Questions on dramatic situation Who is speaking? Where Is she? To whom Is the poem addressed? Who is the speaker in lines 5- 8? Where does the poem take place? At what time of the year does the poem take place? Questions on structure How are stanzas one and two released to stanza 3 What word in line 20 refers back to an idea used in lines 5, 10, 15? Which of the following divisions best represents the poems structure? Questions on themes Which of the following best sums uh the meaning in stanza 2 With which of the following is the poem centrally concerned? Questions on grammar and meaning of words Look carefully at the context The obvious meaning of the word Is most likely not the one the poem uses Questions on Images and figurative language To which of the following does the author compare his love? Questions on diction Which of the following Is used to suggest the poets dislike? The poets use of the word air In line 8 Is to Indicate The poets delight In the garden Is suggested by all of the following words except Questions on tone and literary devices The tone of the poem (or stanza) can best be described as Examples from the poem On the Sonnet The we (us) of the poem refers to Literary critics Misers Readers of poetry The Muses English Poets The metaphor used in the first line of the poem compares English to Carefully guarded treasure Andromeda A bound creature.

An Introduction to Irregular Verbs - Proofeds Writing Tips

An Introduction to Irregular Verbs - Proofeds Writing Tips An Introduction to Irregular Verbs Most verbs do exactly what you’d expect them to when you change their tense. But this isn’t always the case. Some verbs are grammatical rebels. And when these terms pop up, it is easy for errors to creep into your written work. Join us, then, for a quick look at how to handle irregular verbs. Regular Verbs Before we look at irregular verbs, though, we should define what a regular verb is first. These terms are easy to understand because their simple past tense and past participle forms all end with the letters â€Å"-ed.† For instance, the verb â€Å"sail† becomes â€Å"sailed.† Other examples include: Base Verb Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle Bake Baked Baked Hurry Hurried Hurried Kick Kicked Kicked Lower Lowered Lowered Play Played Played As shown above with â€Å"hurry† and â€Å"hurried,† the spelling of certain words changes slightly when forming past tense forms of a regular verb. But even these terms end â€Å"-ed.† Importantly, too, the simple past tense and past participle forms are the same in each case for regular verbs. Irregular Verbs An â€Å"irregular verb† is any verb that doesn’t follow the rules above when forming simple past tense and past participle forms. As a result, these words don’t end with â€Å"-ed† like regular verbs. For example, the simple present tense verb â€Å"break† does not become â€Å"breaked,† but actually changes into â€Å"broke† (simple past tense) and â€Å"broken† (past participle). Other examples include: Base Verb Form Simple Past Tense Past Participle Cut Cut Cut Drink Drank Drunk Sit Sat Sat Think Thought Thought Write Wrote Written As you can see, there is no real pattern to how irregular verbs behave: Some change just one letter in different forms (e.g., drink drank drunk) Others change more significantly (e.g., think thought) In some cases, the simple past tense and past participle forms are the same Some words use a different term for past tense and past participle forms Others don’t change from the base form in either case (e.g., cut) It can, therefore, become a bit confusing! Our advice is to watch out for irregular verbs when reading and learn how they’re used. Checking unusual terms in a dictionary and having your work proofread to correct any verb-based errors is also a good idea. To Be or Not to Be? No, we’re not quoting Shakespeare. We’re just highlighting how tricky the verb â€Å"be† can be. This little word is one of the sneakiest around, with a variety of forms depending on how it is used. Verb Forms First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Present Tense Am Are Are Is Are Past Tense Was Were Were Was Were Present Participle Being Past Participle Been This may make â€Å"be† the most irregular verb around! And while it is easy to master the basic forms with practice, you should still be careful when using the subjunctive mood.

Lord of the Flies1 essays

Lord of the Flies1 essays The classic novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding is an exciting adventure deep into the nether regions of the mind. The part of the brain that is suppressed by the mundane tasks of modern society. It is a struggle between Ralph and Jack, the boys and the Beast, good and evil. The story takes a look at what would happen if a group of British school boys were to become stranded on an island. At first the boys have good intentions, keep a fire going so that a passing ship can see the smoke and rescue them, however because of the inherent evil of the many the good intentions of the few are quickly passed over for more exciting things. The killing of a pig slowly begins to take over the boys life, and they begin to go about this in a ritualistic way, dancing around the dead animal and chanting. As this thirst for blood begins to spread the group is split into the rational (the fire-watchers) pitted against the irrational (the hunters) (Dick 121). The fear of a mythological beast is perpetuated by the younger members of the groups and they are forced to do something about it. During one of the hunters celebrations around the kill of an animal a fire-watcher stumbles in to try and disband the idea of the monster. Caught of in the rabid frenzy of the dance, thi s fire-watcher suddenly becomes the monster and is brutally slaughtered by the other members of the group. The climax of the novel is when the hunters are confronted by the fire-watchers. The hunters had stole Piggys (one of the fire-watchers) glasses so that they may have a means of making a cooking fire. One of the more vicious hunters roles a boulder off of a cliff, crushing Piggy, and causing the death of yet another rational being. The story concludes with the hunters hunting Ralph (the head and last of the fire-watchers). After lighting half of the island on fire in an attempt to smoke Ralph from his h ...

Organizational Communication Unit 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Communication Unit 4 - Essay Example Perhaps the most fundamental of these is organizational culture† (National Defence University) Organizational communication and culture has definite relationships. It is easy to understand the communication processes in an organization if the organizational culture analyzed properly. Organizational communication is meant for the improvement of organizational life and its output. â€Å"Research in social psychology has demonstrated that people often act out the roles in which they are placed. Various types of symbols elicit this behaviour. Many difficult and abstract issues in organizations are shrouded in discussions of dress codes, employment and product advertising, annual reports, logos, titles, or other organizational symbols† (Rafaeli & Worline) All the above organizational symbols are directly or indirectly revealing the organizational culture. Apart from the parameters mentioned above, location of various offices of different authority levels, display items both i n and outside the organizations, space allocations for different entities of organization, different methods employed for communication, the tone of the languages used in employee communications - all have definite relationships with the organizational culture. Space management or space allocation is important for an organization since effective management of the organizational activities can be accomplished through the judicious utilization of space. I have worked in a tire manufacturing unit for about 5 years and have a better idea about the functioning of this organization with respect to organizational culture and communication. This organization has three separate divisions for the tire manufacturing plant. Division A was meant for the mixing purpose, Division B for the green tire building and Division C for curing process. Each division has lot of machineries and

Module 8 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 8 - Research Paper Example fuel consumption, this behaviour is different from what is observed in other countries, like the United States, where cost saving and practicality surpass brand names. This information is essential in determining the brand of cars the will make the greatest sales in china. This attraction to brand names goes hand in hand with how the consumer’s view the manufacturers’ image. Another factor in the determination of the brand is the opinion of the user’s friends. This plays a significant role in the choice of car that they will make. The use of the internet is also growing rapidly among the population, with this comes the growth of e-commerce. Monitoring the users’ preferences on products could also provide good information in determining the marketing strategy to improve on sales (Hague & Peter, 2002). The selection of field workers would comprise of a group of a certain age group and preferably from different cultures (Martin and Tamara, 2005). The training of field workers would involve, giving them guidelines to what questions to ask the consumers, the use of questionnaires to gather data and analysis of this data. The training would also show the fieldworkers how to use the analysed data to generate and compile reports about the research. The supervision would involve the use of guidelines is followed strictly, and the fieldworkers use questionnaires effectively. In the analysis, of the overall customer satisfaction, the frequency distribution indicated that the bigger percentage was satisfied with their dell computers; this came with 95.4 of the percentage interviewed. In the following question, of referring dell to a friend, 81.7% of the interviewees agreed that they would recommend it to a friend or relative. The next question was asking the interviewees the probability of making a dell purchase if they were buying a computer. The frequency was distributed towards the positive with a large percentage of 96.2 saying that they would make the choice

Top 10 News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Top 10 News - Essay Example This article effectively provides the details that it promised it would in the lead. This article starts off with a look at the Prince Charles and Diana wedding and then talks about the Prince William and Kate Middleton wedding that took place recently. It mainly talks about the government and the general population and attempts to look at how this wedding actually affects the average person, if at all. The marriages of other royals are also mentioned in passing. There is one picture with the article and that is of the massive crowds that gathered to watch the wedding. It seems an appropriate picture in this case as the article does discuss the people who watched the wedding and their attitudes towards the monarchy rather than give details of the wedding itself. This articles starts with a reaction from Chile’s president followed by a details of a major face in this event-the shift manager who tried to keep things organised underground when the miners were trapped. There is a brief description of the events that led to this rescue followed by the names of the men who were trapped underground. The article is effectively written. This article describes the destruction in Haiti as a result of the earthquake that occurred. It provides information about what other countries have said about their staff in the country and also the scale of the destruction. There are three pictures and the first is a schematic showing the epicentre of the earthquake. The second and third are satellite images of two cities affected by the earthquake. The first picture is appropriate for this article as are the other two. This article is very effectively written. The lead provides us with an indication as to the scale of the event by mentioning that this is the biggest earthquake and tsunami in Japan’s history. The article goes on to discuss the concerns over the nuclear plant, reports on Japan’s main city Tokyo and provides information of international

Purposes of Economic Sanctions

Purposes of Economic Sanctions Anne Cook 1. Table of Contents (jump to) 1. Table of Content 2. Abstract Summary 3. Introduction 4. Body 5. Conclusions 6. Bibliography 2. Abstract Summary Economic sanctions, which comprise trade and financial components, are imposed by governments or the United Nations on target countries for the express purpose of achieving the sender countries objectives. They are imposed when diplomatic negotiations have broken down and as an alternative to conflict or warfare. The United States and the European Union, with the UN, are the major sender countries involved, with the US having broader defined purposes. Economic sanctions can be applied unilaterally or collectively. There is concern regarding the high volume of economic sanctions applied by the US and the legality of their defined purposes. This study also concludes that the defined purpose may not result in the desired outcomes, and can inflict economic burden on the sender country. 3. Introduction This paper deals specifically with defining and discussing the purpose of economic sanctions. This will be done in the context of the current purposes, which have changed considerably from historic times when economic sanctions were primarily imposed prior to going to war or in conjunction with military hostilities. Economic sanctions are defined as: ‘Economic, trade or financial sanctions are imposed by governments or the United Nations to exert pressure on individuals or political regimes and for the advancement of foreign policy objectives. Sanctions include a range of financial or trading restrictions, such as freezes on the assets of and travel restrictions on nominated individuals, bans on financing of state-owned enterprises, prohibitions on the supply of technical, financial and other assistance and outright prohibitions on trade.’ Ref [1]http://www.lloyds.com There are two specific types of economic sanctions Ref [2]http://www.globalpolicy.org (a) Trade Sanctions Trade sanctions restrict imports and exports to and from the target country. These restrictions can be comprehensive, as in the case of Iraq, or they can be selective, only restricting certain goods often connected with a trade dispute. (b) Financial sanctions Financial sanctions address monetary issues. They can include, blocking government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting international transfer payments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad. The freezing of development aid also falls into this category. There is substantial overlap between financial and trade sanctions, especially when applied comprehensively, since with their foreign assets frozen and access to new funds blocked, Governments will be unable to pay for imports, and trade will suffer. 4. Body Sanctions can be applied unilaterally or collectively and different rules will apply to each sanctions regime. Research shows that collective sanctions are more effective than those unilaterally applied. The following list from Lloyds identifies the following countries targeted by the EU the US as at May 2006 Myanmar (Burma) (EU and US) Belarus (EU) Democratic Republic of Congo (EU) Cuba (US only) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Serbia (EU and US) Iran (US only) Iraq (EU and US) Ivory Coast (EU only) Lebanon Syria (EU and US) Liberia (EU and US) Libya (US only) North Korea (US only) Sudan (EU and US) Zimbabwe (EU and US) Some of these sanctions affect designated individuals only in the targeted country. There are also sanctions in place against named individuals or entities who: Are indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia; Belong or are related to the Taliban, Usama Bin Laden and the Al-Qa’ida network; Are suspected terrorists. Many countries impose economic sanctions against others. However, due to their finacial muscle in the internationel economy, the United States and the European Union are the major ‘senders’ of economic sanctions and their stated purpose of applying such sanctions differ if one looks at their stated purpose for the imposition of sanctions by the major senders.. United States Purpose for Economic Sanctions Ref [3]http://www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-sanction.htm, The U. S. government may choose to impose economic sanctions: to express its condemnation of a particular practice such as military aggression; human rights violations; militarization that destabilizes a country, its neighbors or the region; proliferation of nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons or missiles; political, economic, or military intimidation; terrorism; drug trafficking; or extreme national political policies contrary to basic interests of values of the United States (e.g., apartheid, communism); to punish those engaged in objectionable behavior and deter its repetition; to make it more expensive, difficult, or time-consuming to engage in objectionable behavior; to block the flow of economic support that could be used by the targeted entity against the United States or U.S. interests; to dissuade others from engaging in objectionable behavior; to isolate a targeted country (or company or individual); to force a change or termination of objectionable behavior; or to coerce a change in the leadership or form of government in a targeted country. European Union Purpose for Economic Sanctions The European Union has a common list of objectives which all member countries adhere to. Ref, [4] http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.htm The European Union applies sanctions or restrictive measures in pursuit of the following specific objectives: To safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the Union in conformity with the principles of the United Nations Charter; To strengthen the security of the Union in all ways; To preserve peace and strengthen international security, in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, the Helsinki Final Act, and the objectives of the Paris Charter, including those on external borders; To promote international cooperation To develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. In addition to the 2 economic superpowers listed about, the Security Council of the United Nations has a charter for the imposing of sanctions. Ref [5]http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/INTRO.htm United Nations Purpose for Economic Sanctions ‘Under Chapter VII of the Charter, the Security Council can take enforcement measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such measures range from economic and/or other sanctions not involving the use of armed force to international military action. The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to apply pressure on a State or entity to comply with the objectives set by the Security Council without resorting to the use of force. Sanctions thus offer the Security Council an important instrument to enforce its decisions. The universal character of the United Nations makes it an especially appropriate body to establish and monitor such measures. The Council has resorted to mandatory sanctions as an enforcement tool when peace has been threatened and diplomatic efforts have failed. The range of sanctions has included comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or more targeted measures such as arms embargoes, travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions.’ Addition Comments There is a growing trend to apply economic sanctions in order to protect industries or supply in the senders home country; this is increasingly considered outside the original purpose of economic sanctions and scolars debate that this is protectionism using economic sanctions as a tool to look after the senders domestic market. One example, that led to retaliation from the EU, was against steel imports to the US from lower priced sources. In 2002, The United States places import tariffs on steel in an effort to protect its industry from more efficient foreign producers such as China and Russia. The World Trade Organisation ruled that these tariffs were illegal. The backlash from Europe resulted in the tariffs being dropped before the EU applied tariffs against the US s reported in the New York Times Dec 5, 2003 ref [6]http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2091EF93F590C768CDDAB0994DB404482n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEuropean%20Union%20 President Bush lifts tariffs on imported steel, averting trade war with Europe but risking political backlash in some industrial states heading into 2004 Presidential election; cites improving economy and cost-cutting efforts by domestic steel makers as reasons for his decision to lift tariffs 21 months after they were imposed; original goal was to keep them in place for as long as three years; announcement of his decision immediately leads European Union to drop its plan to retaliate with tariffs on variety of American exports from states vital to Bushs political fortunes; Bush says he will continue program to monitor steel imports to detect any destabilizing surges of cheap foreign steel, and that United States will also continue pressing other nations to stop subsidizing their own inefficient steel producers In addition, the US (in 1999) had imposed unilateral economic sanctions on 75 countries – the purpose and high volume of economic sanctions is increasingly being questioned in the light of the stated purposes for which they should be applied. Ref http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/half-cn.htm ‘Half the World Hit by Unilateral Sanctions, by Someshwar Singh ‘Geneva, 21 Dec 99 More than half of the worlds population in 75 countries is subject to unilateral coercive economic measures or sanctions by one country alone the United States of America according to a recent report by the United Nations.’ The longest standing unilateral economic sanction enacted by the US, is that against Cuba. This has been in effect since 1960 and has failed to achieve their original purpose. After 46 years the Fidel Castro government is still in power, and maintains its commitment to Communism, even after the fall of the Soviet Union. Ref the US Chamber of Commerce [7]http://www.uschamber.com/issues/index/international/cuba.htmCuba and Unilateral Sanctions The United States has maintained an embargo on trade with Cuba since October 1960. Implemented to pressure the Castro regime to democratize, these unilateral sanctions have completely failed to achieve their objective. The U.S. Chamber has long argued that unilateral sanctions do not work. Too often, they serve to make a martyr of a tyrant and actually help prop up authoritarian regimes. Unilateral sanctions also isolate the United States from its allies while denying U.S. Company’s access to markets in which third-country firms can do business easily. 5. Conclusions The US stated purposes for applying economic sanctions are broader and more far reaching than those documented for the European Union and the United Nations. Economic sanctions have been used by the United States to protect local industry and arguably are a tool used in providing protectionism. The US has also enacted sections in higher volumes in recent years. However, the purpose that invoke sanctions are often circumnavigated by services and goods being supplied by alternative countries or the purpose itself is not met at all. The 45-year embargos against Cuba by the US have not fulfilled their purpose that was to force Fidel Castro to renounce communism. The purpose for engaging in sanctions by the sender is often not the eventual outcome in the target country. The European Union imposes economic sanctions within the framework of the United Nations Charter. The motives and desired outcomes for imposing sanctions vary by sender country as a result of these differences in purpose. In general, internationally, the application of sanctions should be introduced when diplomatic channels have failed and to avoid conflict or war. There is increasing statistics that show that the imposition of economic sanctions can result in more harm to the sender country than the target. With the current level of globalization, the target can find alternative sources for goods an/or services. The effects on the host and target countries should be the subject of a further paper to provide a broad framework for discussion on this topic. 6. Bibliography Common Policy and Security Policy of the European Union in the World, http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.htm ‘Economic Sanctions to Achieve U.S. Foreign Policy Goals’, Dianne E. Rennack, Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation Robert D. Shuey, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy and National Defense on the Federation of American Scientists web http://www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-sanction.htm Global Policy Forum, the United Nations http://www.globalpolicy.org Lloyds of London, http://www.lloyds.com The New York Times [8]http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2091EF93F590C768CDDAB0994DB404482n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEuropean%20Union%20 The US Chamber of Commerce http://www.uschamber.com/issues/index/international/cuba.htm Third World Network http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/half-cn.htm UN Security Council – Sanctions Committee http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/INTRO.htm Page 1 of 10 [1] Lloyds of London http://www.lloyds.com [2] Global Policy Forum, the United Nations http://www.globalpolicy.org [3] ‘Economic Sanctions to Achieve U.S. Foreign Policy Goals’, Dianne E. Rennack, Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation Robert D. Shuey, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy and National Defense on the Federation of American Scientists web http://www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-sanction.htm [4] Common Policy and Security Policy of the European Union in the World, http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.htm [5] United Nations, Security Council http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/INTRO.htm [6] New York Times http://select.nytimes.com [7] The US Chamber of Commerce http://www.uschamber.com/issues/index/international/cuba.htm [8] New York Times

A Mesophilic Origin of Life Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

A Mesophilic Origin of Life Nearly all scientists agree that life on Earth began billions of years ago. Most will also agree that RNA appeared first and found a way to replicate itself, an essential step in the early stages of life. Without this ability of RNA, only short pieces of DNA could be copied and no enzymes could be created to copy longer strands which would be necessary for the formation of enzymes[1]. Beyond that, there is very little agreement about the origin of life, including what the original ancestor of all life was like. This has led to a significant amount of debating with very few answers. Scientists are still debating how life originated: was it a series of successive steps or a spontaneous gathering of the necessary materials? The problem with the second theory is that the odds of this happening are about the same as a tornado assembling a 747 aircraft in a junkyard.[2] As of now, we still have to ponder whether the ancestor of all life, or LUCA, was a single being or a community of organisms sharing genes. Another question entails whether the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) dwelled in a hot-water environment or a cooler place, possibly near the surface of the ocean. The experts are split almost evenly on this question and both sides present convincing evidence for their side of the argument, but we will focus primarily on the side that believes that LUCA was not thermophilic, and, in fact, lived in a cooler surrounding. This cooler surrounding would have likely been near the surface of the ocean rather than in the vicinity of a thermal vent near the ocean’s floor. The other side argues that Earth was warmer 3.5 billion years ago, when life is believed to have been spawned. This, c... ...more evidence, especially in RNA sequences, until an answer can be established. 1] Smith, Szathmary 1999 [2] DeDuve, 1991 [3] Whitfield, 2004 [4] Levy, Miller, 1998 [5] Vogel, 1999 [6] Brochier, Phillippe, 2002 Works Cited Brochier, C., and H. Philippe. 2002. A non-hyperthermophilic ancestor for Bacteria. Nature 417:244. DeDuve, Christian. 1991. Blueprint for a Cell: The Nature and Origin of Life 100-105. Levy, M., and S.L. Miller. 1999. The prebiotic synthesis of modified purines and their potential role the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48:631-637. Smith, John Maynard., and Szathmary, Eros. 1999. The Origins of Life: From Birth to the Origins of Language 1-14. Vogel, G. 1999. RNA study suggests cool cradle of life. Science 283: 155-156. Whitfield, J. 2004. Born in a watery commune. Nature 427:674-676.

Marketing and New Communications Technologies

CHAPTER 1 1)Briefly compare and contrast the concepts of needs, wants, and demands, giving an example of each. Discuss how these concepts relate to marketing practices. Needs are states of deprivation. For examples, physical needs for food, clothing, warmth, and safety; social needs for belonging and affection; and individual needs for knowledge and self-expression. Wants are the form that needs take as they are shaped by cultural and individual personality. For example, an American needs food but wants a Big Mac, french fries, and a soft drink.Demands is wants backed by buying power. For example, given their wants anfd resources, people demand products with benefits that add up to the most value and satisfaction. Outstanding marketing companies go to great lengths to learn about and understand their customers’ needs, wants, and demands. They conduct consumer research and analyze mountains of customer data. 2)In a short essay, discuss the challenges and advantages that new com munications technologies have created for marketers.The new communications technologies has provided marketers with exciting new ways to learn about and track customers and create products and services tailored to individual customer needs. It’s helping marketers communicate with customers in large group or one-to-one. Marketers also can create their own detailed customer databases and use them to target individual customers with offers designed to meet their specific needs. For example, by using the Internet, a direct marketer can tap into online data service to learn anything from what car you drive to what you read to what flavor of ice cream you prefer.

Technology in the classroom Essays

Technology in the classroom Essays Technology in the classroom Essay Technology in the classroom Essay Technology in the classroom BY dance2013 Rossing, J. , Miller, W. , Cecil, A. , Stamper, S. (2012). Learning: The future of higher education? Student perceptions on learning with mobile tablets. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 12(2), 1-26. http://files. eric. ed. gov/fulltext/ EJ978904. pdf Wright, V. , Wilson, D. (2012). Teachers Use of Technology: Lessons Learned from the Teacher Education Program to the Classroom. SRATE Journal. 20(2148-60. http:// files. eric. ed. gov/fulltext/EJ959529. pdf How does learning through technology affect a childs learning outcome? To try and nswer this question I searched multiple databases in order to find research. The databases I found the most research on were ERIC. I know this database is appropriate for the topic because they are websites that provide links to articles that have to do with Human Development and Family Science. ERIC allows you to narrow the results down to show only peer-reviewed articles and so I did that to make sure that they are reliable and appropriate sources. The first article was published in Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, which is a very reliable Journal. It has been around for many years and it is very consistent. The second article is published in SRATE Journal, which I found to be of great quality. I know this because, like the first article, it has many sources and that shows that the research had been done in depth and found reliable information to be presented in the article. In the first article there are four authors, all affiliated to Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). The authors are: Jonathan P. Rossing, Willie M. Miller, Amanda K. Cecil, and Suzan E. Stamper. I think the authors are very credible because they have done their research and each of them either work at the University or is a professor. The second article has two authors: Vivian H. Wright, Professor at University of Alabama and Elizabeth K. Wilson, also a Professor at University of Alabama. I think they are both very credible, same as with the first source, because they are reliable professors and have information from a lot of that are cited are mostly all Journals. Examples of resources they used that I may want to look at for my paper are, Wivian Wright, Elizabeth Wilson, 2011. Technology integration is generally promoted as a method to enhance teaching and learning. And Jonathan P. Rossing, William M. Miller, Amanda K. Cecil, Suzan E. Stamper. 2012. The future of higher education? Student perceptions on learning with mobile tablets. Some terminology that is used is mobile tablets, meaning iPads or computers over textbooks and technology integration, also meaning computers over textbooks. The topic I am going to be writing my paper on is technology and how it affects a childs learni ng outcome. I have heard multiple opinions about how technology affects a childs learning outcome, both positive and negative sides. I am going to be doing research to see if technology truly is a positive or a negative contribution to a lassroom. My goal is to find out the affects of learning through technology is more beneficial than using textbooks or if technology is a negative contribution to childrens learning. The first article, iLearning: The future of higher education? Student perceptions on learning with mobile tablets, is talking about the use of mobile technology on college campuses and how technology will be the future of the classroom, including learning activities, research, and even communication between the teachers and students. However, is it a good thing or a bad thing? The authors discover that ntegrating technology into the classroom can contribute to useful academic outcomes, such as: digital video, podcasts, tablet computers. They also found that technology could support social construction of learning, assessment, motivation, and the students engagement in learning. On the other hand, they found a major problem with integrating technology into the classroom is income. They also discovered that the digital technology assistance in solving in teaching or learning practices are not clearly defined, and does not give you the clear help and guidance a teacher offers. This article provides both viewpoints of why technology can be a ositive attribute or a negative one. They first showed the positive contribution technology brings to a classroom and stated those contributions. They found that learning through technology allows students to expand discussion and investigation beyond the classroom. It enables them to collaborate and create knowledge and to interact with a larger range of content. The study consisted, in total, 209 II-JPLJI students participated in the study; students participation had no bearing on their status in the course and did not affect their grade in any way. For the negative aspect of technology in a classroom, income omes to mind (Cecil 2012). The relate is a survey that is meant to collect data in four open-ended questions consis ting of: how the iPads helped or limited learning, two things you liked about using it, two things you disliked about using it, and any suggestions for other ways to use the iPads. The results of this study led to finding both negative and positive aspects that technology brings to the classroom. They found educators using iPads or other mobile technology in the classroom must be committed to learning how to use devices effectively in classroom instruction and to working through the learning curve akes time to get use to and can be beneficial for students and teachers; for example, it can cause a bigger scale of communication for the entire class. However, the authors do mention a few limitations to this study. Those limitations are: only researching the outcomes of using an iPad, iPads have only been in the market for a few years, and the study is limited to student perceptions of learning and engagement. The interdisciplinary nature of this study made assessing student learning outcomes difficult due to the varied expectations and learning outcome easures from the arts and humanities to the hard sciences. Therefore, future research should include discipline specific studies that measure how mobile technology affects specific learning outcomes (Rossing 2012). With that being said, this study was limited to a specific population of people and when it is conducted next time it should use random sampling method. If the study were to use people whos first language is English, it may have ended with different results. Therefore, the researchers should have tested a variety of technologies, not Just Pads, and a larger scale of people. The second article, Teachers Use of Technology: Lessons Learn ed from the Teacher Education Program to the Classroom, is talking about how technology affects a teachers role in the classroom. They based their research on ten teachers perceptions of technology integration and technology use in their classrooms, five years after their graduation from a teacher education program which encouraged technology use in teaching and learning (Wright 2011). For this research, the authors interviewed and observed eight male and two female teachers who were currently teaching five years in a middle or high school classroom. The environment these teachers had to create were purely based on learning from technology. These teachers were exposed to multiple technologies such as: online discussions, interactive whiteboards, and online portfolios. These teachers received additional training in emerging technologies. The technology faculty member was also active in helping to develop the states technology standards and had initiated a Master Technology Teacher partnership with local middle and high school teachers. Qualitative data sources consisted of surveys and reflections, completed by the articipants during their teaching methods class and their internship. The interviews occurred during each teachers class preparation time or before/after school hours (Wright Wilson 2012). Moreover, the researchers spent countless hours interviewing and examining surveys to find out how much of an impact technology has on a teacher and learning. The results of this study gained positive feedback on the impact technology has on the teachers and learning outcome. They researchers found that the participants were given multiple technology applications and skills in developing their electronic ortfolio. The teachers continued to become familiar with ways to utilize basic technology skills and how to incorporate it into their teacher education program. Surprisingly, the authors did not have limitations during their study. This study was a true to form experiment. It allowed a good set of participants that were not too broad or too narrow. Given the fact that they received additional help could have altered the result, imagine if those teachers were not given extra help on improving their results. In conclusion, I found both these articles to be helpful in finding out how echnology can affect a teacher and a students learning outcome. They give clear evidence to support their arguments and to me it was not surprising to read the end results. I would have assumed there were positive and negative attributes in bringing technology into a classroom. However, I know this topic can last for an eternity because technology is always changing and progressing so we may never truly know how it can impact a teacher or a students learning outcome, we simply continue to do research for the present time and only hope to improve what needs the improvement.

The Subjective Nature of Management Literature Review

The Subjective Nature of Management Literature Review Introduction Management practice is often assumed to be the execution of pre-set and pre-determined action plans which fall into place smoothly during actualisation. Managers are probably looked at as a group of professionals whose roles and responsibilities only mean turning strategies into reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their work seems cut-out and only awaiting simple procedural implementation by those with the right technical know-how. However, in real life scenario, managers actually face more challenging tasks than simply executing what is written on paper. Organisations undergo a lot of challenges and obstacles, all of which seems to be conspiring to rebuff the attainment of such pre-set goals and objectives. This paper analyses in detail the subjective nature of management and explains how flexible the management role should be if any tangible results have to be attained. Role Transitions in Management Any managerial role or duty undergoes a transition or change because of numerous reasons. The transition cycle of a manager can be thus summarised into 4 easy phases: Preparation All managers must have prior preparations about their anticipations and targeted goals and objectives. This process involves extensive and comprehensive planning where a manager lays out a number of alternative strategies to aid him in execution. The alternative strategies come about as a result of anticipated problems which may affect the entire running of the organisation. The future is shrouded in a lot of uncertain situations and conditions and therefore managers must give room during their planning in order to accommodate such uncertain scenarios (Atkinson, 1984). Encounter During this phase, managers are emotionally concerned about the task or challenge that lies ahead. Practically, managers at this phase engag e in a lot of sense making activities in order to try and shape up and align the psychological state of their workers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The understanding is that there are possibilities of encountering person-job misfit due to various reasons. It is not so obvious that a perfect match will be realised at 100 percent. There could be some individual shortcomings at the individual level which could limit their effectiveness and overall performance (Barley, 1989). Adjustment This phase directly builds from phase 2 which is encountering. The manager, after realising and noting misfits in his team, must make arrangements to correct the mistakes. Thus, adjustments will be done accordingly which will involve development of roles that perfectly matches personal capabilities such that any possibilities of misfit are addressed. The occurrence of an unanticipate d business situation must be addressed through a perfect readjustment of strategy because the company has to find a way out of the situation. Strategy readjustment is a very crucial stage because it could either make or break the organisation. If the adjustments are done in a perfect manner and in good time, the organisation will be able continue with operations without too much effect. However, delays in implementing readjustments may turn out to be costly to the firm even if the strategy itself is the best. Stabilisation The manager assumes that finally, the transition will attain stability where there is a perfect person-role fit. However, in actual sense, stabilisation is never permanent. It is a temporary state which managers should never sit back and enjoy. This is attributable to the fact that management is dynamic and is actually dictated with a lot of forces, some of which are external and the company has little control over. Therefore, as soon as things begin appearing sta bilised, the management should quickly think of restarting the entire process again because this is an endless life cycle. A stable condition, although is good and most preferred, must be constantly be observed to ensure deviations are not encountered. Transition challenges The transition process may not be an easy smooth ride for the manager as it may appear on paper. In some instances, the manager will face counter actions from the workers who do not approve or agree with the entire process. In some other instances, the transition could be taken positively which will ultimately result in a positive gain for both the worker and the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Subjective Nature of Management: Literature Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A worker who positively accepts the transition will often develop expectations that are positive and helpful. He will be more confident in coping with the expectations and enjoy in sense-making. Additionally, such a worker will target developing relations within the organisation through sustained trust, commitment, as well as effectiveness with tasks (Bauer Morrison Callister, 1998). On the other hand, workers who regard transition in bad light will often be fearful and express a lot of reluctance and lack of preparedness. During the encounter phase of the transition, managers will have a problem because such workers will always tend to be shocked. They feel dejected, and full of regrets. Trying to adjust such workers would only turn out to be disastrous as they will never fit in any role, they will generally be degraded and grieving. The imminent result of this scenario is failure to attain objectives as the worker may never reach the stabilisation stage (Coupland, 2002). Transition cycles and their implications The general understanding that success breeds success should be what governs managers in their roles to steer the organis ation towards objectives and roles. Individuals in organisations are more likely faced with the possibility of being ‘locked in’ in their own assumptions of transition cycles. It is, however, possible to break this pattern following the intervention of numerous factors. Managers who themselves suffered from a terrible career mistake could occasion a very difficult work role transitions. For instance, the preparation stage of a transition cycle is meant to be a time to develop anticipation through modelling expectations, feelings, and motives. However, erroneous expectations will cause a highly negative mismatch thus resulting into an encounter phase that will be more consistent with a transition cycle that is only but negative (Jones, 1986). The switch from either transition could occur at any particular stage although it is more likely that it be witnessed during the encounter stage. Thus, managers need to ask themselves whether they really understand whatever they are pursuing and whether the strategy they are planning to employ is the best suited.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mistakes in management and decision making put the entire organisation at a very precarious position as it could mean loss of resources and time. Misapprehension right at the planning and preparation phase makes it difficult for the encounter stage to have any positive (Agyris Schon, 1978). Forming expectations Rousseau (2001) opines that workers in possession of high experiences in their roles and duties will most often have schemas that are more developed. Comparatively, experienced workers readily understand why they are working in a given organisation than fresh graduates from school. The latter care more about what it means for them to be employed in the organisation. Managers, on the other hand, determine a number of experiences which they consider as basic in helping with their decision making. These experiences build up right from childhood through to the time of making that actual decision. Managers who undertook responsibilities in their childhood, such as watching over s iblings, are more likely to draw their decisions from as far as such escapades. Influences to the manager in his or her early childhood life from role models, like teachers, also bear a lot of influence to their decision making process (Berger Luckmann, 1967). These experiences model the development of role schemas and self-schemas in managers. It is possible, therefore, that discernible experiences to the manager could be part of his decision making process. Decisions may also be affected by such variables as age, gender, and social class among many others (Hill, 2000). The proposals of these differences are not as a result of ‘individual difference’, such as traits or styles. Instead, their formation is based on commonality of experience which may result in individuals depicting similar schemas. A manager who has changed jobs has already undergone several transitions in terms of his occupation as well as in terms of organisational structure. Individuals who began wor k, changed organisations, got promoted, and studied for professional qualifications, for instance, can be grouped as experienced newcomers. Managers are poised to have high and elaborate schemata in as far as matters concerning their identity as professionals, as well as their roles are concerned. This will have a bearing on whatever work-role transition they undergo. Newcomers, on their part, will have their biographies and other past experiences influencing their initial experiences. It is of significant importance for both managers and organisations to give this issue a deeper thought. A new manager who has just joined the organisation may have different existing role schemas to those held by the workers in the organisation. Such a scenario is more likely to occur in cross-cultural management, where a manager from a different country may be posted to another country. Overly, representing the schemas’ content such that a mutual understanding of the organisation or individua l is realised could be a difficult thing (Mankiw, 1998). Issues for consideration by mangers during expectation A managerial role performance is inextricably connected with knowledge or understanding of how the organisation is set. Managers must understand the operations of an organisation for it to be able to attain desired results and objectives. Thus, managers should be fairly sophisticated in their field and also understand what the organisation’s construct and way of operation is. However, it is also thought that managers could be most useful at such a time of unfamiliarity. This is because they will look at the organisation and its existing workers in a different way. It thus makes it easier for them to question practices and operations that exist and change them for the getter (Louis, 1980). For managers, role expectation is a particularly challenging area because of the complexities that are involved. Organisations sometimes hire managers for the simple reason that th eir recruitment is against the grain of what exists in terms of individuals and organisational culture. The reason behind such hiring of new managers is to bring change I the organisation. It is important to point out, however, that such appointments often set the manager to a very complex work-role transition. It is common knowledge that all organisations would wish to have workers who will comfortably fit into the organisational structure. The presence of an ill-fitting individual, nonetheless, is done deliberately so that the individuals could encounter a tinge of discomfort. Encountering reality All organisations encounter a clash between their anticipations with what the real life situation offers. Such deviations are what enable managers to become aware of the real organisation environment. In other words, schemas will often be changed in such a way that they match the environment more accurately. Managers will find themselves in very unfamiliar position whenever their plans f ail to match the expectations. They are expected, in such a scenario, to get the organisation around the unfavourable condition or obstacle. Managing through such an unfavourable condition would call for introduction of drastic measures which are very different from the original ones that were being pursued by the organisation. The manager, therefore, has to spend time studying the unfavourable condition and determine what counter strategies could be more appropriate. This crisis planning is done within very limited time constraints as continued delay could further hurt the organisation’s prospects. A manager, therefore, has to revisit the transition cycle and rearrange it such that it would be possible for the results to reflect positively on the organisation. Planning should identify new aims and objectives that are different from the ones that existed before the uncertain condition occurred. Roles of the workers must also be swiftly rearranged depending on their individual strengths, experience, and capabilities. Workers must accurately be selected for their specific roles because the organisation has little time to gauge their performances. Although general theories about management could still be applied to help solve out the matter, the scenario becomes more subjective and requires that action be taken depending on what the challenge is like (Watson, 2001). Management knowledge and changing scenarios Management perspectives that were postulated by early scholars, including Marslow and Lewin, were never linearly related but rather recursive in nature. In other words, knowledge of management moves in different directions, allowing managers time and freedom to manipulate changes that could result in better performance. Management knowledge in itself is an epistemological chain of facts and thought. In pursuing the organisation’s goals and objectives, managers are free to use or even create tools that they deem relevant in the performance of th eir roles. They do this through transforming the complex epistemological theories that were postulated by early scholars, instead turning them into ontological heuristic that are more simplified (Rousseau, 1995). Paradoxically, the artifactual heuristics become atheoretical, where they are removed from the original theories that formulated them and applied by the managers. Managers must be able to derive independent constructs of a particular theory and employ its direct knowledge in order to enable him make proper judgement as pertains a realistic situation in his managerial duties. The key source of a manager’s next course of action when faced with a complex situation is a past experience. The selection process is also a key source of expectation which the manager relies on. The external forces upon which the organisation acts are continuous and managers should never sit back without thinking about how to react in case an unfavourable condition occurred. Currently, the glob al economic crisis continues to ravage economies across the world without basing on specific countries. The world economy is closely knitted and therefore whatever happens in one corner of the world is more likely to affect other areas either directly or indirectly. This realisation eliminates the need to focus on rigid frameworks because the organisation has to flexibly react on environmental changes. Some of the reactionary measures that managers undertake to mitigate the effects of the unsavoury situation includes laying workers off and cutting down on expenditure costs. These drastic measures means the organisation may not be within means of actualising the original objective or target of the organisation. However, it settles for a fallback objective that may overly not leave the organisation injured. When managers make drastic changes to the organisational goals and targets, their decision is mainly influenced by the firm’s profitability. Such expenditures as on workersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ salaries and other additional operations costs such as power and water bills are often targeted in ensuring that unnecessary spending is completely done away with. In dealing with the ongoing global economic crisis, some multinational firms have decided to close down their subsidiaries which are located in hard hit areas. Some other companies have shut down operations in their numerous divisions which seem to have low profitability levels while maintaining operations in divisions that are comparatively profitable enough (Chell, 1998). Career transition in management Expectations by managers transform over time as they gain experience in their performance. Managerial roles are intricate and the extensive work experience makes managers to have more elaborated schemas. The manager’s role, nonetheless, is shaped up by the numerous environmental mixes which, together, influence the activity and operations of organisation (Allen Meyer, 1990). Conclusion Organisations often identify their goals, aims, and objectives in advance before employing strategies that would enable the attainment of these set targets. Managers are charged with the responsibility of ensuring the organisation moves towards attaining these goals. Their knowledge and expertise is particularly very important in ensuring the organisation stays within course as it focuses on the goal. However, the environment within which organisations operate is not certain and a lot of factors affect the smooth running of the organisations thus making their initial targets unachievable. Managers are forced to readjust their actions in order to ensure that the targets could be achievable. One of the tools that managers use to try and realign the organisation is the transition cycle. This cycle enables managers to put plans across that the also anticipate changes along the way. Once the manager has planned, there needs to be an emotional and sense making process whose objective is to ensure all worker s within the organisation are perfectly arranged to perform roles. Where a mismatch may occur for one reason or the other, the manager needs to readjust his strategy so that it may fit within the objectives. Readjustment leads to stabilisation where the organisation maintains its performance within the parameters of the objective determine. This cycle is continuous and should never stop at any stage even if it appears as though the organisation is stable. List of References Agyris, C Schon, DA 1978, Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Allen, NJ Meyer, JP 1990, ‘Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 847-858. Atkinson, J 1984. ‘Managing strategies for flexible organizations’, Personnel Management, Vol. 16 No. 8, pp. 28-31. Barley, SR 1989, â€Å"Careers, Identities and Institut ions: The legacy of the Chicago School of Sociology†, In M.B. Arthur, D.T. Hall B.S. Lawrence (Eds), Handbook of career theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bauer, TN Morrison, EW, Callister, RR, 1998, ‘Organizational socialisation: A review and directions for future research’, Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, Vol. 16, pp. 149-214. Berger, PL Luckmann, T, 1967, The social construction of reality, London: Penguin. Chell, E 1998, â€Å"Critical incident technique,† In Symon, G. and Cassell, C. (eds), Qualitative methods in organizational analysis and research: a practical guide, Penguin, London Coupland, C 2002, ‘Graduate trainees’ career narrative: fractured or flexible?’ Proceedings of the British Psychological Society Occupational Psychology Conference. Hill, RC 2000, ‘The case of the missing organizations: Co-operatives and the textbooks’, Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 31 No.3, pp. 28 1-296. Jones, GR 1986, ‘Socialisation tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers’ adjustment to organizations’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 262-279. Louis, MR 1980, ‘Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 25, pp. 226-251. Mankiw, NG 1998, ‘Rethinking economic principles: Critical essays on introductory textbooks’, Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 24 No.1, pp. 117-120. Rousseau, DM 1995, Psychological contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements, Sage, Newbury Park, CA Rousseau, DM 2001, ‘Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74 No.4, pp. 511-542. Watson, TJ 2001, ‘The emergent manager and processes of management pre-learning’, Management Learning, Vol. 32 No.2, pp. 221-2 35

Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Microbiology - Essay Example An evaluation of the total viable count and the presence of pathogens in the uncooked chicken were taken into account. The kitchen sponge and the hand wash water of the chicken were considered for the analysis. The analysis for the presence of the pathogenic micro organisms will help us to overcome the toxicity levels. (Mattick et al. 2003; Mattick et al. 2003a). A lot of tests were done to determine the presence of the bacterial load in the micro organisms. Some of them include Gram staining, Catalase test, Oxidase test, coagulase test, API Strip test, the effect of disinfectant hypochloride, cleaning agents and morphological tests. The presence of the pathogens is found using the biochemical tests and the API strip test. The differential staining of the bacteria helps to identify the unknown bacteria present in the sample. Before all the tests the samples are serially diluted and the 4th (10-4) and 5th diluted (10-5) sample are used for the analysis. The API 20E strip consists of 20 individual and miniature tests that contain the reagents for the identification of the metabolic capabilities and specifically the Enterobacteraceae family. (Butler et al. 1975). For the antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the Iso-Sensitest Agar (ISA) media was used. To test the presence o f enterobacteriaceae, the ISA media is enough according to the BSAC. The Molten agar was poured into the sterile Petri plates and they are dried to remove the excess moisture. To these plates, the antimicrobials of choice are used to such that it diffuses into the medium and they interact very well with the micro organism incorporated. The disc diffusion method of AST is the most commonest and effective method for the detection of the microorganisms in the sample. The inoculums was prepared and inoculated in the medium. The plates were incubated at 35-37 degree Celsius for at least 24 hours.

Identify barriers to cultural competence and note ways that the nurse Research Paper

Identify barriers to cultural competence and note ways that the nurse can improve the nurse-patient and nurse-family relationshi - Research Paper Example The process of learning the traits of the local culture starts right from birth. As they grow up, nurses assimilate into their indigenous culture that can have a profound effect on the way they interact with the patients as well as the way they operate in the health care system. Cultural competence essentially means the ability to deal with the differences of beliefs, opinions, values, and practices grounded in cultural differences in an articular manner so that the quality of work is enhanced and conflicts are deterred. Barriers to cultural competence of nurses include but are not limited to discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping, racism, lack of awareness, and lack of language proficiency. Certain barriers are overtly noticeable such as lack of language competency because the nurse cannot communicate with the other person while other barriers are hidden such as lack of awareness of the belief systems of different cultures. In certain situations, nurses display a lack of sensitivit y even without any intention to offend the other person. This lack of sensitivity is grounded in nurses’ lack of awareness of the different sets of beliefs and norms that comprise different cultures. ... Although it is very difficult to fully master the values of different cultures, it should be understood that good manners are appreciated and interpreted as symbols of respect in almost every culture. Simple steps like asking the patients how their day has been and asking them by what name or title do they want to be addressed inculcates respect in the hearts of the patients and coworkers for the nurses. In order to develop cultural competence, it is imperative that nurses acknowledge the existence of a variety of belief systems in the society. There are times when others’ health care practices appear meaningless or strange. Nurses might find others’ beliefs about the health care services in their country difficulty to understand. While it is not required of a nurse to fully understand the whole variety of belief systems of their patients, yet nurses need to have respect for them. Nurses should avoid making assumptions about the beliefs of people from different cultures if they are not familiar with the values of those cultures. â€Å"Cultural competence is obtaining cultural information and then applying that knowledge† (Culturaldiversity.org, 2012). In light of this definition of cultural competence, it is more advisable for the nurses to ask those individuals very thoughtfully and professionally how things are done in their culture, if necessary. The nurses need to try to find out the level of awareness in the patients about their health problems, methods of treatment, and the expected outcomes. Nurses should display respect for the support groups of the patients as well that may include anybody ranging from family members to religious leaders. Cultural competence is one of the most